As the summer moves on, more Puerto Rican indie musicians continue to emerge and release projects. Last Wednesday June 27th, alternative rock trio Alma Nebula continued to promote and celebrate the release of their first EP, “Laberintos & Dimensiones,” in Aguadilla’s 100 A Uno with their hometown crowd alongside fellow rock groups Cologne and Novaluna. (promo for the show as found Alma Nebula’s Facebook) As the crowd slowly arrived, the members of Cologne would get ready to set the mood for the night and as soon as the clock hit around 10:30 pm they did. Like in previous performances, Cologne managed to display their wide variety of influences such as indie rock, prog-rock and even a bit of punk rock proving that they are definitely one of the emerging bands to keep an eye out for in the near future when they release future singles, possible projects and continue performing around the island. (Cologne performing, all pictures by Fernando E. E. Correa Gonzalez) After Cologne came Novaluna, an instrumental rock band heavily influenced by jam rock and math rock, composed of members from Alma Nebula. The short set of the masked musicians presented their ability to experiment with a variety of sounds while having fun. If you are listener who enjoys a good round of instrumental rock playing in the background, this group may just be one to look out for as they display promise in what seems to be one of their earlier performances. (Novaluna performing, picture by Fernando E. E. Correa Gonzalez) Closing the night was Alma Nebula who, other than performing songs from the EP “Laberintos & Dimensiones,” also played a few tracks that may appear on a future full-length project. Like many times before, the group managed to show their variety in a show where they showed their influences from music such as alternative rock, pop punk and a bit of swing music. (Alma Nebula performing, all pictures by Fernando E. E. Correa Gonzalez) (cover for “Laberintos & Dimensiones” as found on Alma Nebula’s Facebook) Last June 27th in 100 A Uno was another celebration for the indie rock scene in Puerto Rico as yet another group from the scene managed to put out a project despite the difficult circumstances the island has been going through in times pre and post-Maria. Furthermore, the performances by Cologne, Novaluna and Alma Nebula provided another escape for a community still in recovery and for the young at heart looking to have fun on a hot summer night.
Listen to “Laberintos & Dimensiones” on Spotify Listen to Cologne on SoundCloud
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As one of the frontrunners of Puerto Rico’s indie music scene, Los Wálters has been one of those groups that have balanced their work in and outside of the island, slowly expanding their audience. As members of the continuously growing wave of electronic-influenced Boricua musicians, Los Wálters have been providing dreamy synth-pop soundscapes, since their 2011 self-titled EP, that have served as relaxing yet danceable soundtracks to people everywhere. Earlier this month, the band continued to share such beautiful sounds after releasing their latest EP entitled “Caramelo.” (EP artwork) After the release of the single “Calma” in late May 2018, Los Wálters released their latest EP in mid-June. Kicking off the project is the aforementioned chilled yet danceable song, which asks listeners to be patient in times of chaos and desperation serving as a perfect calming track for those suffering, not only in the current state of Puerto Rico, but everywhere else. From there, the duo takes their audience to “Distraccion,” another synth-pop track that serves as a reflection of chaos, this time focusing on what seems to be post-Maria Puerto Rico where many required distractions in order to deviate their attention from the very difficult moment they were and are still living in. Afterwards, the project moves to “Me Late,” a song that starts slow, but eventually moves towards a more danceable upbeat energy making it hard for anyone to not move their feet in a tune entangled by lyrics revolving around the subject of dancing and how relationships can be built through it. (cover for the single “Calma”) After the first three songs in “Caramelo,” Los Wálters continue with “America,” a tune that starts with a dark synth and eventually moves towards a danceable beat that perfectly reflects the relationship between the United States and Puerto Rico, a love-hate relationship where some enjoy the connection, others hate it and the rest stay in-between. However, while musically the track might provide said perspective, the song lyrically touches on other aspects of America and infuses them with a metaphor driven story about some aspects that make America so multicultural. Finally, Los Wálters end “Caramelo” with the tune that gives the EP its title. After exploring certain difficult subject matter in previous songs, with this final track the band provide a sexy dance anthem that will have listeners everywhere shaking their hips, moving their feet and maybe making babies, or just enjoying a nice night of love-making. (picture of the duo as found on their Facebook) With “Caramelo,” Los Wálters continue to display their ability to be creative both musically and lyrically while balancing heavy subject matter and other themes that don’t require so much thinking in order to grasp. This latest EP is yet another well-balanced project by the duo that continues to establish their presence as leaders in Puerto Rico’s indie music scene, especially that of the electronic music community. Furthermore, “Caramelo” is another solid and highly replayable addition to the wide variety of music coming out of an island that, despite going through an extremely difficult moment in time, still manages to present quality artistic proposals.
Listen to “Caramelo” on Bandcamp Boricuas in the diaspora, like those in the island, are working hard to leave their mark in the music and entertainment industry. One of these to be making her way in a different and creative fashion is New York-based Destiny Frasqueri, better known as Princess Nokia. After creating some waves with her full-length debut 1992 Deluxe and performing in the 2018 edition of Coachella, Princess Nokia has been one of the hottest artists to keep an eye out for. Recently, the young musician released a short EP, “A Girl Cried Red,” that further demonstrates her bravery towards experimentation and being emotionally transparent. (cover for “A Girl Cried Red”) In 1992 Deluxe, Princess Nokia provided listeners a mere glimpse to her emotional side as well as her identity as a goth. However, in “A Girl Cried Red” the young musician puts in full display this part of her personality. Starting the project with “Flowers and Rope,” Frasqueri mixes her 2000s emo and hip hop influences into a track about fighting loneliness and depression while touching on the subjects of regret and disappointment. She then moves on to “Your Eyes Are Bleeding,” a melodic trap influenced and auto-tune sung ballad exploring similar themes as the previous entry. As the project hits its third track, we get “For the Night,” a hypnotic hip hop track with mainstream appeal that sees Nokia using regular and mumble rapping to touch on the matter of using money as a coping mechanism to battle depression. Finally, Frasqueri finishes the first half of “A Girl Cried Red” with “Look Up Kid,” an emo-pop-punk tune that wants to motivate listeners living through difficult times to “look up” and never give up. (picture of the artist as found on her Facebook) The second half of “A Girl Cried Red” starts with the instrumental “Interlude,” which presents Nokia using live instruments such as acoustic and electric guitars as well as drums. The EP then moves to “Morphine,” a trap inspired emo tune about how many subdue to drug use as a way to cope in times of depression. While the entire project features Nokia exploring her emotional side, the following song, “At the Top,” sees her going back to traditional hip hop territory as she raps about her come up as an artist in such a difficult field. However, “A Girl Cried Red” closes with another emotional track in “Little Angel,” a melodic rock ballad about the loss of a friend who was courageous enough to be who he was and lost his life because of it. (picture of the artist as found on her Facebook) “A Girl Cried Red” is an interesting experiment where Princess Nokia bravely puts in full display her emotional side while mixing it with her love for hip hop. However, while all the lyrics come from a right place, they are not as creative as those found in 1992 Deluxe. While the project may be seen as a step backward for some, it is actually great to see young artists like Nokia challenge themselves in a time where many are afraid to come out of their comfort zones. Furthermore, the EP serves as another addition to the growing sub-genre of emo-rap while providing yet another glimpse at the subject of mental health in hip hop.
Listen to “A Girl Cried Red” on Spotify "Something To Talk About": Former Astronauts Provide Some Danceable and Emotional Indie Rock6/19/2018 Recent bands to come up from the Puerto Rican independent music scene are heavily influenced by sounds from their childhood and those of the past. Groups like Los Petardos! are inspired by surf rock, Epilogio by space rock and funk, and Corre Forrest! by 2000s pop punk and melodic hardcore. However, one of the soundscapes to heavily influence the movement is indie rock from the 2000s and a group to be inspired by this wave is the Aguadilla-based ensemble Former Astronauts who display said admiration in their EP “Something to Talk About.” (cover for the project) “Something to Talk About” kicks off with three indie rock tracks, the first of these being “Intro”, a short two-minute song that prepares listeners for the upcoming collection. Afterwards comes “We Dance,” an inspirational dance rock tune about enjoying life despite the negatives it can bring. Later, the first half of the project ends with a more emotional track in “Icarus,” which demonstrates how the band is also influenced by the 2000s emo-pop-punk movement, something they continue to display in the second half of the EP. (picture of the group as found on Facebook) The second half of “Something to Talk About” starts with “Sias,” an indie rock song about heartbreak, which continues to show the band’s emo-pop-punk influences. Later, the EP moves on to “Closer,” a dance rock tune about being close to loved ones and appreciating them. Finally, the project ends with “Futuro,” a track where the musicians decide to display their bilingualism by singing in Spanish regarding the theme of uncertainty. (band logo as found on Facebook) As Puerto Rico’s independent music scene continues to grow, more musicians are displaying their influences as they experiment to find their own unique sound. With “Something to Talk About,” Former Astronauts are able to present their indie rock, dance rock and emo-pop-punk influences while showing their ability to manage English and Spanish, demonstrating that they are a group to look out for in the ever changing movement.
Listen to “Something to Talk About” on Spotify In the slowly growing independent music scene of Puerto Rico, there are artists exploring a wide variety of genres. From rock and hip hop to folk music and disco, musicians are being courageous enough to experiment with sounds outside of the standards provided by the radio, in an island where the alternative is sidelined, and this may be what makes it hard for them to be embraced by mainstream audiences. However, others like Gerald aren’t afraid to show their pop influences in full display and this is what he does in his latest EP “Musas.” (cover for the track "Coincidencia") Starting with “Coincidencia,” the singer/songwriter kicks off the project with an upbeat high energy tropical and electronic dance pop influenced song that will have listeners everywhere moving their feet. He then moves on to “Alter Ego” where he displays his singing abilities in a trap influenced R&B track about love and sex, which can be a part of anybody’s bedroom playlist. (cover for the song "Alterego") The second half of the EP is similar to the first as the third song, “Energia Magnetica,” is another energetic tune that will have audiences dancing to its pop reggaeton and dembow influenced sounds. Meanwhile, the last two tracks in the project, “No Importa” and “Cualidades,” are two trap inspired R&B songs, the first about supporting your lover despite any problems and the other about heartbreak. (cover for the tune "Cualidades") In short, with “Musas,” Gerald shows his willingness to go into the pop side of the music industry and his ability to rock with sounds influenced by trap, R&B, reggaeton, soul and electronic pop. This is definitely an interesting entry into the ever growing catalogue of Puerto Rico’s indie music scene while also serving as Gerald’s introduction to a broader audience.
Listen to “Musas” on SoundCloud Puerto Rican, Caribbean and Latin American hip hop is highly distinguishable for traditional boom bap sounds paired with socially aware and politically charged lyrics. In a time where reggaeton conquers the Latin pop streams and Latin trap is slowly becoming the new form of pop music, young Puerto Rican lyricist Vladi isn’t one to stay away from the aforementioned subject matter and soundscapes in his new EP "Rápfagas." (cover for the project) In the three-song five-minute EP "Rápfagas", Vladi touches on familiar subject matter while using classic boom bap instrumentals. Starting the project with “Isla Apta”, Vladi displays his lyricism in a tune where the rapper presents his point of view regarding the current political and social climate of his homeland. The project then brings a short transition with the lo-fi instrumental “Tamos Vivos,” which provides the image of meeting someone who is living under bad circumstances yet looks at the positive side of life becoming a perfect transition into the final song of the EP. With “Prendo Pa’ Los Secos,” Vladi celebrates smoking weed but also looks at the repercussions of doing this in an island where it is illegal to do so. (picture of Vladi as found on his Facebook) Vladi’s latest EP is another display of a rapper who is aware of his surroundings and who definitely has an opinion on how it can be better. Though the project may be short, "Rápfagas" shows some great lyricism and conceptual work.
Listen to “Rápfagas” on Spotify Puerto Rico’s independent music scene is one that is showing a lot of growth and every day new musicians are on the come up. In the field of rock, more and more bands are displaying their influences coming from the sub-genres of indie rock and psychedelic rock. Among the many to demonstrate the aforementioned sounds is Capitán Simón who, in their latest EP “Sábados”, put in full display a wide variety of influences. (cover for the EP) Kicking off the project with the title track “Sábados”, Capitán Simón start their EP with a nice atmospheric intro that eventually delves into the fields of psychedelic and space rock in a song about the partying nightlife in Puerto Rico, a theme further explored in the following tune. “Falta de Vivir” is an indie rock song that celebrates life and wishes listeners to have fun. (picture of the group as found on their Facebook) As the EP moves on, Capitán Simón display their lo-fi influences in the tracks “Malinterpretandote” and “La Jaula.” The first of these is a garage rock and stoner rock influenced that will have listeners headbanging. Meanwhile, “La Jaula” is a mix of dance rock, prog-rock and psychedelia that will have audiences dancing and others slowly moving their heads to hypnotizing sounds. (picture of the group as found on their Facebook) Puerto Rico’s indie music scene is slowly evolving into a promising movement providing a variety of artists exploring a wide array of sounds, one of these being Capitán Simón. With their latest project, the band manage to show a lot of the sub-genres that inspire them as well as the experimentation they are willing to do in order to create their own sound. In short, the young group display promise and courage.
Listen to “Sábados” by Capitán Simón in Bandcamp At the forefront of Puerto Rico’s independent hip hop scene you will find a variety of rappers finding their path through traditional boom bap like Negro Gonzalez, La Estación Central, and Vladi. Meanwhile, some like Jose Yellow and OMVRXJC use trap and others like Fico Rodz, Mike Rodz, Robertito Chong and Cyborg AOS choose to mix a wide variety of sounds. However, there are those in the scene who have yet to receive the proper respect and celebration and these are the producers. In the field of producers you will find artists like Recluso, Kampo and Ejkew who for quite some time have worked hard to provide the soundscapes for a variety of spitters. Recently, Ejkew, also known as Skew One and Mango Sounds, released his latest beat tape, “MPC to cassette 22/05/18”, a project that presents the musician in perfect form providing some great boom bap instrumentals that will have listeners relaxing to some sweet lo-fi ambient hip hop. (cover for the beat tape) With his latest project, Ejkew goes back to his traditional boom bap sounds and mixes them up with a bit of lo-fi creating a perfect combination of smoothly transitioning soul-influenced ambient music. In addition, the beat tape continues to expand on the ever growing catalogue of Puerto Rican instrumental hip hop. The twenty-minute “MPC to cassette 22/05/18” is a great project that will greatly serve as a soundtrack for anybody looking for music to study, relax, chill, concentrate, among other things.
Listen to Ejkew’s “MPC to cassette 22/05/18” on SoundCloud With the continuous growth of Puerto Rico’s independent music scene more artists are finding ways to experiment and grow as musicians. Recently, rock group Clammy & The Hands decided to explore the field of the avant-garde and ambient music with their EP “what do the black keys do?”, a lo-fi atmospheric piano project that delves into storytelling through the power of sound. (cover for the project) Starting off with “ocio,” Clammy & the Hands kick off “what do the keys do?” with a short instrumental that prepares listeners for the type of project they are about to delve into. Eventually, as the EP progresses, the group provide what seems to be two suspense film and psychedelic cinema influenced tracks with “no estas solo” and “mayday” that, if connected, can tell a tale of horror. (picture of the group as found on their Facebook) After “mayday”, the project moves towards “el atico”, a tune that provides a sense of curiosity and adventure. For a short span of over a minute, one can imagine those times when one looks through boxes that tell stories through mementos of the past. Eventually, Clammy & the Hands finish “what do the black keys do?” with a more upbeat song in “headroom bop”, a synth pop influenced track that finely closes a very interesting and creative project from a band that isn’t afraid of experimenting. Fear can be a barrier that stops musicians from growing or expanding their sound. However, artists like Clammy & the Hands demonstrate that experimentation through short projects can lead to interesting and creative evolution. Their EP “what do the black keys do?” provides a glimpse at a band who isn’t afraid to tell stories in different ways.
Listen to “what do the black keys do?” in Bandcamp To say that Puerto Rico’s school year was hectic would be an understatement. After being attacked by the category five phenomenon that was Hurricane María, institutions continued their labors at different moments according to their location and the effects left by the natural disaster. Take for example the University of Puerto Rico in Aguadilla which recently finished its semester, while the University of Puerto Rico in Rio Piedras is now in its process of final exams. Thus, due to surviving this weird school year, celebrations are due in big fashion and that is exactly what west-based bands Sombras Inocentes, Cologne and Redneck Buddha decided to do last Wednesday June 6th, 2018 in Aguadilla’s 100 A Uno by providing a fun show for the college community. (promo for the flyer) Kicking off the night was the pop-punk and melodic hardcore influenced trio Sombras Inocentes who, with their attitude fueled melodies, managed to get the crowd pumped just enough for the following band, Cologne. (Sombras Inocentes perform) After Sombras Inocentes came Cologne, an indie-rock influenced quartet who was making their live debut after releasing their first single, “El Último Baile”, last May. After vocalist Anthony Acevedo poured some perfume on himself, the band went on to demonstrate their prog-rock, hard-rock and stoner-rock inspirations in a performance that featured lots of crowd interaction, Iggy Pop-style dance moves as well as dancing in the form of head banging by the large audience that packed the bar. (part of Cologne's performance) Finishing the night was the well-known garage rock power trio Redneck Buddha who, despite having a smaller crowd due to the heat created in 100 A Uno when large amounts of people are inside, managed to bring down the house. With their brand of horror-punk infused jams, hard-rock influenced tunes and melodic ballads, the band managed to get people head banging, dancing and even creating a small mosh pit. (Redneck Buddha close the show) “Show de Cierre de Semestre” was another highly needed unity between independent bands that helped a young college community release all the stress accumulated after a very chaotic school year due to the effects of Hurricane María. With the variety of rock n’ roll provided by Sombras Inocentes, Cologne and Redneck Buddha, students managed to dance, head bang and moshpit their way out of a hectic year and into a, hopefully, peaceful and productive summer.
Listen to Sombras Inocentes and Cologne on Soundcloud and Redneck Buddha on Spotify All of the pictures in this article were taken by Fernando E. E. Correa González Sometimes Puerto Rican independent musicians find success and support from big record labels willing to take a chance. However, there are acts who don’t really manage to reach mainstream status and continue to celebrate their work and support the scene in their own way. One of those bands to do so is the ska-punk group Altanez who celebrated their 25th anniversary last Friday June 1st, 2018 in La Tertulia En Mi Tierra in Mayaguez. (promo for the show) Most celebrations are done in big fashion and last Friday was no different. The Aguadilla-based Altanez celebrated their 25th anniversary alongside young bands Jauria and Redneck Buddha and, the “legends of trash metal”, Deathless. Kicking off the event was the recently formed hardcore punk band Jauria. By providing their no-holds barred attitude, Jauria managed to set the mood for a night that would be characterized by heavy underground music. (Jauria performing) Following Jauria was the power trio Redneck Buddha who, for the most part, performed their garage rock, punk rock and hard rock influenced songs such as “Sewer Rat” and “Crimson Countertop” in order to keep with the energy set by Jauria. However, in order to close their presentation, the band performed one of their ballads which they dedicated to a close friend. (Redneck Buddha performing) After Redneck Buddha came Deathless, a trash metal band made up of members of Puerto Rico’s underground metal community whose performance was distinguished by long and evolving songs that displayed Metallica, Iron Maiden and Tierra Santa influences. (Deathless performing) Following up the trash metal veterans were the musicians in celebration, Altanez. By performing songs that displayed their third wave ska and punk influences, the Aguadilla-based group managed to demonstrate that despite their age, they still manage to keep their youthful attitudes towards life in a variety of ways such as enjoying parties and sex. Though the location was not completely full, Altanez managed to put in full display their celebratory lifestyle through their highly danceable showcase. (Altanez's frontman performing) Overall, last June 1st was a celebration of independent music. While the show’s promo displayed five bands, only four were able to perform, sadly leaving out Grim Addiction, displaying a lack of communication. However, this doesn’t diminish the fun and varied energy put out there through the combination of Jauria, Redneck Buddha, Deathless and Altanez. It truly was a great blend of generations. All of the pictures in this article were taken by Fernando E. E. Correa González
As Puerto Rico’s independent art scene continues to grow, more artists are on the come up, some of which demonstrate that Puerto Rico’s musical tastes range from everything like the bolero influenced sounds of iLe’s debut album and the folk inspired atmosphere of Andrea Cruz’s first project. However, while these musicians focused on reviving these sounds of the past into a new context, younger up-and-comers like singer/songwriter Gyanmarckus wish to fuse some of these aforementioned soundscapes into the field of electronic music, a task he accomplishes in his debut EP “Cartas a Victoria.” (cover for "Cartas a Victoria") After performing in a variety of events related to the creative collective MELAZAxLucienne and celebrating his first project in a Green Sofa Session in the Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Puerto Rico (MACPR), Gyanmarckus blessed listeners with “Cartas a Victoria” a short but creative EP, which showcases the artist’s multiple influences and fearless attitude towards exploring other genres. A heavily love-themed project, “Cartas a Victoria” kicks off with “Una y Otra Vez” a synthpop fueled track that eventually takes an interesting detour towards indie rock becoming a perfect introduction to the variety of sounds the musician is willing to explore. Then we are softly transitioned into “Dulce”, a great blend of synthpop and ethereal R&B where Gyanmarckus manages to create some excellent laid back atmosphere for those who wish to relax. However, he then comes up with “La Mala”, a tune which continues to showcase the singer/songwriter’s ability to mix a variety of genres, in this case blending trap influenced R&B with Caribbean and salsa sounds. Following “La Mala” is one of the EP’s most danceable tracks in the electro-disco and electro-funk fueled tune “La Seca”, a song that has the ability to appeal to the mainstream while maintaining the artist’s indie roots. Afterwards comes “Victoria”, another trap influenced R&B entry that gathers influences from another Caribbean-rooted sound in reggae. Much like “La Seca”, “Victoria” and the final song in the EP will have listeners dancing. Gyanmarckus’ first EP finishes with “180 Grados”, a blend of synthpop, reggae and R&B that will have audiences both dancing and vibing. Overall, Gyanmarckus’ “Cartas a Victoria” is a solid introduction to a young up-and-coming musician who isn’t afraid to explore different genres demonstrating that his taste in music is varied. In addition, this first EP shows that the singer/songwriter’s future seems endless and unexpected as one might never know what sounds might come up his sleeve, which is always good to keep listeners entertained while growing as an artist.
You can listen to “Cartas a Victoria” on Spotify All the pictures in this article were found in Gyanmarckus’ Facebook page To say that Latin trap is the fastest growing form of music within the Puerto Rican community would be an understatement. With the recent Trap Kingz boom, as led by Bad Bunny, the hip-hop sub-genre which originated from the south of the United States has slowly become the go-to form of music for artists who once fell in love with the underground and party sounds of reggaeton and the hardcore attitude of punk rock. After a very active 2017 and 2018 releasing singles left and right and performing at various events, one of the young up-and-coming Puerto Rican trap artists in the scene, Jose Yellow, finally decided to bless his fans with a new EP, Larga Vida. (cover for the EP) The past two years have shown a huge rise in the love for Latin trap and one of the most popular artists coming up from the Puerto Rican underground has been Jose Yellow. The young rapper, alongside his group MFCHN (pronounced Mafia China), has been one of the hardest working members of the community, thereby slowly growing a loyal fan base and a catalogue of music worth considering for anybody’s party playlists. In turn, his new project Larga Vida provides exactly that. Kicking off the project with “Guasa Guasa” and the lead single out of the project “Drama,” Yellow manages to start the EP with fantastic bangers that will have anybody head banging and dancing. With “Drama” especially, Yellow has a potential radio friendly tune for the community at large. (track listing of the EP) However, after these two party starters, Larga Vida feels a little bit repetitive with the tracks “Increible” and “Dime Que Hay,” which are two short songs that rely more on the energy rather than the lyrics. Nevertheless, Yellow manages to close the project in great fashion with the EP's final track, “Solido,” which is a certified banger for anybody’s party playlist. With Larga Vida, Jose Yellow continues to display his ability to create solid trap bangers that will have people in the club dancing, grinding and head banging. Moreover, it shows that the young rapper is more than ready to continue to have one of the best years in his career thus far by preparing himself with a larger and longer repertoire for future performances. While the EP may stumble in the middle, it is still a solid contribution to the ever growing field of Latin trap.
Listen to Larga Vida on Spotify here All of the pictures in this article were found in Jose Yellow's Facebook page |
AuthorFernando E. E. Correa González is the author behind over 30 self-published poetry books. He has been published by literary magazines & journals [Id]entidad, El Vicio del Tintero, Sábanas Magazine, Smaeralit, The Occulum, Tonguas and Hound Magazine. Other than writing, Correa is also the host of FENCast, a podcast dedicated to documenting the Puerto Rican independent art scene. Aside from this, he experiments with filmmaking, photography, drawing, painting, multimedia and transmedia. He currently lives in his native Puerto Rico. Archives
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